The possible approaches towards differentiated eLearning

Separated bearing ( or separated obtaining ) includes providing students with various roads to geting content ; to handling, assembling, or doing feeling of contemplations ; and to creating learning stuffs so all understudies inside a schoolroom can larn usefully, regardless of contrasts in capacity. Examination demonstrates that huge numbers of the passionate or cultural difficulties talented students experience vanish when their instructive climes are adjusted to their degree and step of securing. † Differentiation in guidance can other than incorporate how a student shows that they have order of a develop. This could be through an exploration paper, work show, web recording, outline, posting, and so on. The key is going on how your understudies learn and shows their procurement that satisfies their particular needs. Separation regularly incorporates at least one of the undermentioned countries:A. Content†Is â€Å" what † understudies realize †Includes educational plan subjects or develops †Reflects area or national models †Presents fundamental realities and achievements †Differentiates by pre-surveying student achievements and anxieties, so fiting researchers with suitable exercises †Provides students with picks so as to add profundity to larning †Provides students with additional assets that coordinate their degrees of understandingB. Procedure†Is â€Å" how † students learn †Refers to how students bode well or comprehend the data, considerations, and achievements being examined †Reflects student larning habits and inclinations †Varies the obtaining method relying on how understudies learnC. Product†Is the terminal result of understudy securing †Tends to be touchable: considers, preliminaries, booklets, addresss, dramas †Reflects student understanding †Differentiates by providing challenge, grouping, and pickWhat is qualification direction?In this setting when differentiation is talked about, it is non about product differentiation by larning bringing area, as in intercrossed eLearning content contrasted with to the full online classs and additionally cyberschools ( National Leadership Institute, 2005 ) . Nor is it about qualification in cut, as in synchronal and nonconcurrent securing. Or maybe, in e-diff, one of three sorts of settlement is ordinarily included ( Hall, 2002 ; Reis et al. , 1988 ; Sizer, 2001 ; Tomlinson, 2001 ; Tomlinson and A ; Allan, 2000 ; Tomlinson and A ; McTighe, 2006 ; Willis and A ; Mann, 2000 ) : 1. Separation of substance †Offer students the chance to get down at various topographic focuses over the span of study and additionally continue at various steps. 2. Separation of larning way assault †Stressing numerous methods of larning way or larning affinity, for example, visual and audile researchers. 3. Separation of product †Giving various assignments to various students, and turn in various work merchandises.III. Separation INeLEARNINGTechnology to do content change on the fly is fairly straightforward on the web. It very well may be each piece direct as hypertext markup language cryptography and back-end databases. The test is non in the bringing designing itself, yet in set uping great rationale for qualification †on the off chance that we are making a trip to recognize, how would we decide who gets what? Here we compose the most widely recognized e-diff plans, in light of what sort of dynamic technique and grounds is utilized to set up the settlement picks. Approachs can other than be consolidated, or mixed, in eLearning stocks. A portion of the conceivable general assaults are: â€Å" Diffuse † assaults to qualification, in which understudies get a similar substance yet get numerous opportunities for obtaining and are given various assaults for doing feeling of considerations planfully â€Å" diffused † all through the substance. Independent assaults, in which students get distinctive substance by an instrument of self-choice implicit the substance. This presents qualification through student pick. Credulous differentiation, in which the processing machine is finding the class of qualification, non the client, no particular program or in general plan is in topographic point in the eLearning content for why qualification is go oning, or what it is proposed to mean in the securing setting. Boolean qualification, in which bundle utilizes sorts of Boolean rationale, for example, rule-based models or assurance trees, to discover how to set substance for various understudies. Model-based qualification, in which proficient estimation is joined with a combination of informations mining procedures to deliver considerations for how substance may be reasonably separated. Language based differentiation, in which the understudies from various social foundations can be profited. This depends on the qualification in the substance of stuffs to be delivered.Differences in the attacks1.In diffuse differentiation, there is no immediate reason to gauge or fit the requests of single clients, or to uniquely design substance or input, as all students get a similar substance. Be that as it may, satisfactory combination and various beginnings of incitement are given to contribution and indict differing crowds. This is an extremely basic assault to separated bearing in a conventional schoolroom getting the hang of puting. The expectation is that with sufficient combination gave, everybody ‘s requests can be tended to. 2.The second plan, self differentiation, permits understudies to pick their own picks as they work their way through on-line content. This can abide of only picking the request for fulfillment among a fixed bill of passage of larning exercises or resources, or can let considerably more extent of pick. The courseware configuration figures out where pick focuses are. Self qualification is other than extremely regular in on-line content. 3.NaA?ve qualification occurs about accidentally in numerous eLearning stocks. It includes changing pieces of substance in an increasingly arbitrary way, non dependent on the particular requests of single students, however simply rotating substance and craftsmanships with the goal that screens have various pictures, portrayals, etc each clasp saw. This may influence a randomizing factor or a mix map. Despite the fact that diffuse and self-ruling plans can be fairly predictable with improved larning points of separated heading, it very well may be more earnestly to do the occurrence for naA?ve differentiation. Increases in intention and fight as obtaining shows change, for case, are hard to purpose behind if a similar student simply observes one of the shows. 4.The after plan, Boolean qualification, utilizes appraisal grounds to modify the progression of substance for various students. Boolean here only portrays rationale that processing machines use to discover if an announcement is valid for bogus. Principle Boolean administrators incorporate â€Å" and, † â€Å" non † and â€Å" or. † Operators get utilized with a progression of guidelines to portray what occurs with the substance as students make their reactions. There are numerous separations among various guideline based techniques, including arranged be aftering operators, bug bases and tying calculations. Yet, the idea is that a lot of guidelines have been conceived, as often as possible by actually cautiously examining numerous students. These standard based boolean techniques make up the absolute most seasoned signifiers of e-diff. The least difficult sorts resemble an agenda of larning points. Understudies go down the rundown and finish the points. On the off chance that they effectively complete 1 AND 2, they go onto 3, for case. In any case, 1 and NOT 2 and conceivably the student is diverted to 2A, or given some additional input or other larning mediation that go throughing understudies do n't procure. Rule based techniques can take significantly more lush signifiers, and have been in truly powdered approaches to delineate the legion of develops and misguided judgments students hold in certain proficient undertaking nations, and what to make about them. 5.The after signifier of e-diff, model-based, is actually a major family unit of assaults that will be assembled here for the enthusiasm of treatment. A portion of the assaults are among the more current e-diff signifiers and others have been around for some clasp. Most utilize some signifier of proficient assumption, including from educators and other fit issue specialists, joined with informations mining to achieve forward considerations how substance may be separated. Normal information removal procedures incorporate a combination of captured improvement and Gaussian factual hypothetical records, Bayesian networks, anxious networks, point reaction hypothetical records, and grouped technique assaults that consolidate quantitative and subjective informations to do interpretative or gainful expectations. 6.The finishing up signifier of e-diff is, language-situated in which similar substance are given to the understudies in various conceivable semantic correspondences of fear. On the in addition to side, data unearthing assaults can be quicker and simpler than reasoning complex guideline based signifiers. Other than they can let expectations to be contrasted with existent understudy larning informations to ticket tune hypothetical records. In any case, the request often is which hypothetical record to use, and why. Other than significant in the occurrence of eLearning is whether the hypothetical record really is making a proper control of expressing you something about pupils.III.CONCLUSIONDevelopers are developing more qualification into eLearning stocks, admiting that individuals have various waies for procurement and for doing feeling of musings. Be that as it may, differentiation through designing is unpredictable. There are army assaults that have rather various executions and outcomes, as can be seen by the general plans depicted here. As the field develops and designers investigate more approaches to recognize on the web, it is of import that non-ex posure understandings and other objective assets issues do n't shut down the discussion about what these stocks are making, and how they are making

Coping with a wafler Free Essays

Managing People that Make Your Life Difficult Principles of oversight week 4 Individual work 2 Abstract This paper will talk about the wavered representative and how can It contrast with a rushed individual. The term â€Å"waffled† for the most part alludes to a person who makes some extreme memories settling on and adhering to choices. Presentation A wavered is an individual that slows down and adjusts their perspective frequently. We will compose a custom exposition test on Adapting to a wafler or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now More often than not, a â€Å"waffled† has good intentions yet fears settling on an inappropriate choice. I genuinely don’t see anything amiss with an individual not having any desire to settle on an inappropriate choice. Simply be aware of the results. Wavered Like the vast majority of us, a when confronted with a circumstance, a wafer will say something regarding the advantages and disadvantages. The main negative perspective to a wafer is that their slowing down in a quick paced condition can be viewed as an issue. The most ideal approach to interface with a wavered Is to build up an expert relationship, one close enough to give her she Is invited or enjoyed. The key objective to adapting to a wavered is cause the Individual to feel acknowledged, a piece of the group. Making a recommendation like going to lunch or how was your sharp, assists a great deal when confronted with a wavered. It’s best that when managing a wavered to consistently give input, regardless of whether great back and let the individual realize you are here to help. Wavered versus rushed individual I think a wavered will concentrate on fitting In versus a hurried individual who doesn’t care to fit In. A rushed individual may regularly show a frightful mien toward others for reasons unknown by any stretch of the imagination. They could be having a terrible day and they will reprimand you for it. A wavered is generally a lovely person. I have an associate on my activity, endless supply of this task, helps me to remember a wafer. Step by step instructions to refer to Coping with a wafler, Papers

Industry 4.0 Definition, Design Principles, Challenges, and the Future of Employment

Industry 4.0 Definition, Design Principles, Challenges, and the Future of Employment THE HISTORY BEHIND INDUSTRY 4.0 Industry 4.0 is a term often used to refer to the developmental process in the management of manufacturing and chain production. The term also refers to the fourth industrial revolution.The term Industry 4.0 was first publicly introduced in 2011 as “Industrie 4.0” by a group of representatives from different fields (such as business, politics, and academia) under an initiative to enhance the German competitiveness in the manufacturing industry. The German federal government adopted the idea in its High-Tech Strategy for 2020. Subsequently, a Working Group was formed to further advise on the implementation of Industry 4.0.In 2003, they developed and published their first set of recommendations. Their vision entailed that“these Cyber-Physical Systems comprise smart machines, storage systems and production facilities capable of autonomously exchanging information, triggering actions and controlling each other independently. This facilitates fundamental improvements to the industri al processes involved in manufacturing, engineering, material usage and supply chain and life cycle management.” © Shutterstock.com | chombosanIndustry 4.0 remains a term well-known in German-speaking areas. Consequently, this guide will aim at attempting to define the term, exploring the design principles, the advantages and the challenges facing such an approach, and try to quantify the potential lying underneath.THE HISTORY BEHIND INDUSTRY 4.0To be able to understand how Industry 4.0 became today’s buzzword, a look at its predecessors might give us a perspective on how this revolution in particular is different. The following diagram shows a timeline of the evolution of manufacturing and the industrial sector in general (Source: Deloitte). The First Industrial RevolutionThe industrial revolution in Britain came in to introduce machines into production by the end of the 18th century (1760-1840). This included going from manual production to the use of steam-powered engines and water as a source of power.This helped agriculture greatly and the term “factory” became a little popular. One of the industries that benefited a lot from such changes is the textile industry, and was the first to adopt such methods. It also constituted a huge part of the British economy at the time.The Second Industrial RevolutionThe second one dates between 1870 and 1914 (although some of its characteristics date back to the 1850) and introduced pre-existing systems such as telegraphs and railroads into industries. Perhaps the defining characteristic of that period was the introduction of mass production as a primary means to production in general.The electrification of factories contributed hugely to production rates. The mass production of steel helped introduce railways into the system, which consequently contributed to mass production. Innovations in chemistry, such as the invention of the synthetic dye, also mark such period as chemistry was in a rather primitive state then.However, such revolutionary approaches to industry were put to an end with the start of World War I. Mass production, of course, was not put to an end, but only developments within the same context were made and none of which can be called industrial revolutions.The Third Industrial RevolutionPerhaps the third one is much more familiar to us than the rest as most people living today are familiar with industries leaning on digital technologies in production. However, the third industrial revolution is dated between 1950 and 1970.It is often referred to as the Digital Revolution, and came about the change from analog and mechanical systems to digital ones.Others call it the Information Age too. The third revolution was, and still is, a direct res ult of the huge development in computers and information and communication technology. THE DEFINITION OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND HOW IT IS DIFFERENT FROM THE THIRDThe fourth industrial revolution takes the automation of manufacturing processes to a new level by introducing customized and flexible mass production technologies.This means that machines will operate independently, or cooperate with humans in creating a customer-oriented production field that constantly works on maintaining itself. The machine rather becomes an independent entity that is able to collect data, analyze it, and advise upon it.This becomes possible by introducing self-optimization, self-cognition, and self-customization into the industry. The manufacturers will be able to communicate with computers rather than operate them.How will machines communicate?The rapid changes in the information and communication technologies (ICT) have broken the boundaries between virtual reality and the real world. The idea behind Industry 4.0 is to create a social network where machines can communicate with each other, called the Internet of Things (IoT) and with people, called the Internet of People (IoP).This way, machines can communicate with each other and with the manufacturers to create what we now call a cyber-physical production system (CPPS). All of this helps industries integrate the real world into a virtual one and enable machines to collect live data, analyze them, and even make decisions based upon them.INDUSTRY 4.0 COMPONENTSAlthough “Industry 4.0” is the common term referring to the fourth industrial revolution, academics still struggle to properly define the approach. This makes it even harder to distinguish the main components of such an approach. In their Literature Review, Hermann, Pentek, and Otto take it upon themselves to find out the main components of the industry.Given the fact that the term originated in a German-speaking area, they set out to find out the most frequently cited terms and definitions relating to the industry.In their research, of course, the German equivalent of each term (or perhaps the English equivalent) was used. The results were as follows (Source: “Design Principles for Industrie 4.0 Principle” by Hermann, Pentek, and Otto):Search Term (Group)Number of Publications in Which Search Term (Group) OccuredCyber-Physical Systems, Cyber-Physikalische Systeme, CPS46Internet of Things, Internet der Dinge36Smart Factory, intelligente Fabrik24Internet of Services, Internet der Dienste19Smart Product, intelligentes Produkt10M2M, Machine-to-Machine8Big Data7Cloud5Cyber-Physical Systems, Internet of Things, Smart Factory, and Internet of Services are the most common four terms cited in academic research publications related to the industry. Consequently, and given its initial stage, these are the four main components of the industry.Cyber-Physical SystemsAs mentioned above, a cyber-physical system aims at the integration of com putation and physical processes. This means that computers and networks are able to monitor the physical process of manufacturing at a certain process. The development of such a system consists of three phases:Identification: Unique identification is essential in manufacturing. This is the very basic language by which a machine can communicate. RFID (Radio-frequency identification) is a great example of that. RFID uses an electromagnetic field to identify a certain tag that is often attached to an object. Although such technology has been around since 1999, it still serves as a great example of how Industry 4.0 operated initially.The Integration of Sensors and Actuator: This is essential for a machine to operate. The integration of sensors and actuators simply means that a certain machine’s movement can be controlled and that it can sense changes in the environment. However, even with the integration of sensors and actuators, their use was limited and does not allow them to commun icate with each other.The Development of Sensors and Actuators: Such development allowed machines to store and analyze data. A CPS now is equipped with multiple sensors and actuators that can be networked for the exchange of information.The Internet of Things (IoT)A cyber-physical system still sounds familiar to us today. Machines can exchange data and, in a lot of applications, can sense the changes in the environment around them. Fire alarms are a good example of that. The Internet of Things, however, is thought to be what truly has initiated Industry 4.0.The Internet of Things is what enables objects and machines such as mobile phones and sensors to “communicate” with each other as well as human beings to work out solutions. The integration of such technology allows objects to work and solve problems independently. Of course, this is not entirely true as human beings are also allowed to intervene.However, in case of conflicting goals, the case is usually raised to higher posi tions. According to Hermann, Pentek, and Otto, ““things” and “objects” can be understood as CPS. Therefore, the IoT can be defined as a network in which CPS cooperate with each other through unique addressing schemas. The Internet of Services (IoS)It is easy to see that in today’s world each and every electronic device is more likely to be connected to either another device, or to the internet. With the huge development and diversity in electronic and smart devices, obtaining more and more of them creates complexities and undermines the utility of each added device.Smart phones, tablets, laptops, TVs or even watches are becoming more and more interconnected, but the more you buy, the added value of the last device becomes unrecognizable. The Internet of Services aims at creating a wrapper that simplifies all connected devices to make the most out of them by simplifying the process. It is the customer’s gateway to the manufacturer.Smart FactorySmart factories are a key feature of Industry 4.0. A smart factory adopts a so called Calm-system. A calm system is a system that is able to deal with both the physical world as well as the virtual. Such systems are called “background systems” and in a way operate behind the scene. A calm system is aware of the surrounding environment and the objects around it.It also can be fed with soft information regarding the object being manufactured such as drawings and models. According to Hermann, Pentek, and Otto“the Smart Factory can be defined as a factory where CPS communicate over the IoT and assist people and machines in the execution of their tasks.”INDUSTRY 4.0 DESIGN PRINCIPLESThe design principles allow manufacturers to investigate a potential transformation to Industry 4.0 technologies. Based on the components above, the following are the design principles:Interoperability: Objects, machines and people need to be able to communicate through the Internet of Things and the Internet of People. This i s the most essential principle that truly makes a factory a smart one.Virtualization: CPSs must be able to simulate and create a virtual copy of the real world. CPSs must also be able to monitor objects existing in the surrounding environment. Simply put, there must be a virtual copy of everything.Decentralization: The ability of CPSs to work independently. This gives room for customized products and problem solving. This also creates a more flexible environment for production. In cases of failure or having conflicting goals, the issue is delegated to a higher level. However, even with such technologies implemented, the need for quality assurance remains a necessity on the entire processReal-Time Capability: A smart factory needs to be able to collect real time data, store or analyze it, and make decisions according to new findings. This is not only limited to market research but also to internal processes such as the failure of a machine in production line. Smart objects must be ab le to identify the defect and re-delegate tasks to other operating machines. This also contributes greatly to the flexibility and the optimization of production.Service-Orientation: Production must be customer-oriented. People and smart objects/devices must be able to connect efficiently through the Internet of Services to create products based on the customer’s specifications. This is where the Internet of Services becomes essential.Modularity: In a dynamic market, a Smart Factory’s ability to adapt to a new market is essential. In a typical case, it would probably take a week for an average company to study the market and change its production accordingly. On the other hand, smart factories must be able to adapt fast and smoothly to seasonal changes and market trends.THE BENEFITS AND THE CHALLENGESIndustry 4.0 will truly revolutionize the way manufacturing processes work. However, it’s important to weigh the advantages and the challenges that companies may face.Advantages of Industry 4.0Optimization: Optimizing production is a key advantage to Industry 4.0. A Smart Factory containing hundreds or even thousands of Smart Devices that are able to self-optimize production will lead to an almost zero down time in production. This is extremely important for industries that use high end expensive manufacturing equipment such as the semi-conductors industry. Being able to utilize production constantly and consistently will profit the company. According to a study published by PwC,“Digitized products and services generate approximately €110  billion of additional revenues per year for the European industry.”Customization: Creating a flexible market that is customer-oriented will help meet the population’s needs fast and smoothly. It will also destroy the gap between the manufacturer and the customer. Communication will take place between both directly. Manufacturers won’t have to communicate internally (in companies and factories) and externally (to c ustomers). This fastens the production and delivery processes.Pushing Research: The adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies will push research in various fields such as IT security and will have its effect on the education in particular. A new industry will require a new set of skills. Consequently, education and training will take a new shape that provides such an industry will the required skilled labor.Challenges facing Industry 4.0Security: Perhaps the most challenging aspect of implementing Industry 4.0 techniques is the IT security risk. This online integration will give room to security breaches and data leaks. Cyber theft must also be put into consideration. In this case, the problem is not individual, but can, and probably will, cost producers money and might even hurt their reputation. Therefore, research in security is crucial.Capital: Such transformation will require a huge investment in a new technology that doesn’t sound cheap. The decision to make such transformation will have to be on CEO level. Even then, the risks must be calculated and taken seriously. In addition, such transformation will require a huge capital, which alienates smaller businesses and might cost them their market share in the future.Employment: While it still remains early to speculate on employment conditions with the adoption of Industry 4.0 globally, it is safe to say that workers will need to acquire different or an all-new set of skills. This may help employment rates go up but it will also alienate a big sector workers. The sector of workers whose work is perhaps repetitive will face a challenge in keeping up with the industry. Different forms of education must be introduced, but it still doesn’t solve the problem for the elder portion of workers. This is an issue that might take longer to solve and will be further analyzed later in this report.Privacy: This not only the customer’s concern, but also the producers. In such an interconnected industry, producers need to collect and analyze data. To the customer, this might look like a threat to his privacy. This is not only exclusive to consumers. Small or large companies who haven’t shared their data in the past will have to work their way to a more transparent environment. Bridging the gap between the consumer and the producer will be a huge challenge for both parties. THE FUTURE WORKFORCEIndustry 4.0 has a lot to promise when it comes to revenues, investment, and technological advancements, but employment still remains one of the most mysterious aspects of the new industrial revolution. It’s even harder to quantify or estimate the potential employment rates.What kind of new jobs will it introduce? What does a Smart Factory worker needs to have to be able to compete in an ever changing environment such as this? Will such changes lay off many workers? All of these are valid questions to the average worker.Industry 4.0 might be the peak of technological advancement in manufacturing, but it s till sounds as if machines are taking over the industry. Consequently, it is important to further analyze this approach in order to be able to draw conclusions on the demographics of labor in the future. This will help workers of today prepare for a not so far future.Given the nature of the industry, it will introduce new jobs in big data analysis, robot experts, and a huge portion of mechanical engineers. In an attempt to determine the type of jobs that Industry 4.0 will introduce or need more labor in, BCG has published a report based on interviews with 20 of the industry’s experts to showcase how 10 of the most essential use cases for the foundation of the industry will be affected.The following are some of the important changes that will affect the demographics of employment:Big-Data-Driven Quality Control: In engineering terms, quality control aims at reducing the inevitable variation between products. Quality Control depends to a large extent on statistical methods to show w hether a specific feature of a product (such as size or weight) is changing in a way that can be considered a pattern. Of course such a process depends largely on collecting real-time or historical data regarding the product. However, since Industry 4.0 will rely on big data for that, the need for quality control workers will decrease. On the other side, the demand for big data scientists will increase.Robot-Assisted Production: The entire basis of the new industry relies of the smart devices being able to interact with the surrounding environment. This means that workers who assist in production (such as packaging) will be laid off and be replaced with smart devices equipped with cameras, sensors, and actuators that are able to identify the product and then deliver the necessary changes for it. Consequently, the demand for such workers will drop and will be replaced with “robot coordinators”.Self-Driving Logistics Vehicles: One of the most important focuses of optimization is t ransportation. Engineers use linear programming methods (such as the Transportation Model) to utilize the use of transportation. However, with self-driven vehicles, and with the assistance of big data, so many drivers will be laid off. In addition, having self-driven vehicles allows for restriction-free working hours and higher utility.Production Line Simulation: While the need for optimization for transportation declines, the need for industrial engineers (who typically work on optimization and simulation) to simulate productions lines will increase. Having the technology to simulate production lines before establishment will open up jobs for mechanical engineers specializing in the industrial field.Predictive Maintenance: Having smart devices will allow manufacturers to predict failures. Smart machines will be able to also independently maintain themselves. Consequently, the number of traditional maintenance technicians will drop, and they’ll be replaced with more technically in formed ones.Machines as a Service: The new industry will also allow manufactures to sell a machine as a service. This means that instead of selling the entire machine to the client, the machine will be set-up and maintained by the manufacturer while the client takes advantage of the services it provides. This will open up jobs in maintenance and will require an expansion in sales.FINAL THOUGHTSIndustry 4.0 is definitely a revolutionary approach to manufacturing techniques. The concept will push global manufacturers to a new level of optimization and productivity. Not only that, but customers will also enjoy a new level of personally customized products that may have never been available before. As mentioned above, the economic rewards are immense.However, there are still many challenges that need to be tackled systematically to ensure a smooth transition. This needs to be the focus of large corporations and governments alike. Pushing research and experimentation in such fields are e ssential.While speculations regarding privacy, security, and employment need more study, the overall picture is promising. Such approach to manufacturing industries is truly revolutionary.

What Rewards are Available to Workers in Your Organization Case Study

What rewards are available to workers in your organization? When are they used? Are they effective? What alternatives would you use if you could change the reward system? There is no doubt that working in a nonprofit organization differs greatly from for-profit organizations. Obviously, a crucial difference can also be seen in the way both types of companies motivate their workers and reward them.   I would like to dwell upon the system of rewards in my organization and also to make some suggestions for its improvement. It is a common knowledge that a lot of business leaders consider money and all kinds of financial benefits to be driving force to make the job more worth-while. Nevertheless, it has already been proved that this type of motivation works only for simple straight forward tasks, mostly where mechanical skills are involved. On the contrary, if work demands creative thinking or any other cognitive ability, money will not work as a motivation or reward in this case. I strongly believe that there are a lot of rewards that help effectively encourage employees to work harder and be interested in the result of their efforts in my organization. First of all, our company appreciates employees’ really worthwhile actions. Accordingly, when someone does such a thing, all the colleagues around literally give her/him a standing ovation. To my mind, this gesture of appreciation helps to ensure worker’s good will. Furthermore, there is a Wall of Fame in the hall. Every month the photos of the best workers are put on the Wall along with publishing their successes under the photo. This helps to appreciate the results of hard job. Moreover, our boss tries to make our working place fun and comfortable: we have ‘Fun meetings’ weekly where everyone should tell 3 best jokes of the week. This creates a perfect friendly atmosphere where everyone smiles. Additionally, what I consider to be the best reward ever, we are allowed to develop our own projects based on our own ideas and then present them to top-management. Every half a year the best project is chosen and the organization invest money in its development. Thus, workers are able to be self-directed and independent. What is more, each month the best employees are given additional days-off for having rest. All in all, I am completely satisfied with the reward system of my organization. I personally get pleasure working for it and this is the best reward for me. The only thing I would like to suggest about reward system’s improvement would be that free trainings should be implemented where all the achievements and contributions of each worker could be singled out and, besides, each employee could challenge and better his/her mastery.

Essay on Comparison Frankenstein The Rime of the...

In the late eighteenth century arose in literature a period of social, political and religious confusion, the Romantic Movement, a movement that emphasized the emotional and the personal in reaction to classical values of order and objectivity. English poets like William Blake or Percy Bysshe Shelley seen themselves with the capacity of not only write about usual life, but also of man’s ultimate fate in an uncertain world. Furthermore, they all declared their belief in the natural goodness of man and his future. Mary Shelley is a good example, since she questioned the redemption through the union of the human consciousness with the supernatural. Even though this movement was well known, none of the British writers in fact acknowledged†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the narrations have a similar structure as narrative concerns. The story of Victor Frankenstein is told within a frame narration, as in The Ancient Mariner in which an anonymous third-person narrator rec ounts how an old sailor comes to tell a young wedding guest the story of his adventures at the sea. When we refer to a frame narration, we are telling that is a narrative that recounts the telling of another narrative or story that thus â€Å"frames† the inner or framed narrative. So in Frankenstein, Walton’s letters shape a frame around the main narrative and Victor Frankenstein’s story, while in The Ancient Mariner, the story told about the mariner represents a frame around the mariner own story. The novel Frankenstein is written in the first person point of view, but at different points in the book, different storytellers recount the tale. Therefore, it can be found three different narrators, being Robert Walton the first narrator, who in his letters cites, second narrator, Victor Frankenstein’s narration; Victor, at the same time, cites the third narrator’s story. Furthermore, Elizabeth Lavenza and Alphonse Frankenstein narrate parts of the sto ry through their letters to Victor as well, but they are not as relevant narrators as the other characters. With Victor Walton’s character Mary Shelley uses a device denominated epistolary form, novel in the form of a sequences of letters written by one or more characters: Shelley, through this technique isShow MoreRelatedSimilarities Between The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner And Frankenstein1458 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Rime of the Ancient Mariner, it has similarities to Frankenstein with structure. In Frankenstein, through careful reading, it is shown how The Rime of the Ancient Mariner has influenced Mary Shelley’s novel. The structure of both the novel and the poem are situated similarly. As well as the end of the novel is similar to the poem. The structure of Frankenstein is laid out to follow The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Also the poem has significance to each character in the novel, Walton his loveRead MoreTheme Of Allusions In Frankenstein987 Words   |  4 PagesFrankenstein Allusions Mary Shelley, author of Frankenstein, references many other works of literature in her renowned book. To name a few of the referenced works there were John Milton’s Paradise Lost, the Greek â€Å"Prometheus myth†, and the widely known poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner†. Each of these allusions gave a new meaning to Shelley’s story, affecting how each of the readers interpreted her words. Paradise Lost shares many parallels with Frankenstein. 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Key Concepts of Creativity and Innovation Worksheet Free Essays

Key Concepts of Creativity and Innovation  Worksheet University of Phoenix Sara Garski October 10, 2011 Key Concepts of Creativity and Innovation Worksheet |Concept |Application of concept in scenario |Citation of concept |Personal experience in your | |(Identify at least five concepts)| |in reading |organization | | |Best Snacks has been one of the leading companies |Jones, G. (2004). |In my organization the employees| |Exploitation |in their industry for several years. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Concepts of Creativity and Innovation Worksheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company |Organizational |are always learning. Within my | | |has become |Theory, Design, and |team we are | | |complacent which has caused them to barely hold |Change. Upper Saddle|Encouraged to come up with new | | |the number two position. In order to remain and |River, New Jersey: |ways that will make the team and| | |gain back that competitive advantage, Best Snacks |Prentice-Hall. the company better as a whole. | | |must look at new ways of doing various activities | |One of my teammates | | |within the company. Exploitation is defined as, | |Came up with an idea | | |organizational | |To add to one of our | | |members learning of ways to refine and improve | |Current systems. After | | |existing organizational procedures (Jones 2004. | |The idea had went | | |Pg. 376). With the new CEO, Elizabeth Fairchild, | |Through the proper | | |joining the Company, she is determined to see why | |Channels, it was | | |Best Snacks is failing after being successful for | |Implemented. Although adding a | | |many years. She plans on working with vice | |Extra component to | | |president, Sabrina McKay, to help the company come| |An existing system, took awhile,| | |up with new and innovative procedures, that will | |it was worth the wait, | | |eventually | |Because it saved the | | |place Best Snacks back in the leading position. |Company money in | | | | |The long run. | | |Best Snacks has always promoted from within in the|Davila, T. , Epstein,|A radical Innovation in My | | |past. They have decided to do something different |M. , Shelton, R. |organization | | |by bringing in a new CEO from outside with a |(2006). Making |Back in June of 2010. The | |Radical Innovation |different background. The new CEO, Elizabeth, |Innovation Work: How|company added | | |plans to have a new cultural change |To Manage It, |A regional office in the | | |program designed to increase |measure It, And |Franklin, TN area. The reason | | |employees’ creative thinking skills (Scenario 1). |Profit From It. |for the new Office was to assist| | |Elizabeth wants to see these changes made and |Upper Saddle River, |The abundance of Customers | | |results within one year. These changes are |New Jersey: Wharton |within the Middle Tennessee | | |considered radical innovation, |School Publishing. Area. The company | | |because is setting the bar for new | |Has continuously | | |changes within the company. Normally Radical | |Growed in a small | | |Innovations are set by a company within | |Amount of time. In the TN office| | |the industry, but Elizabeth, first wants to | |we have | | |accomplish | |Been able to meet | | |these changes from | |Goals, create more | | |within, then introduce the new | |Effiecent procedures, and handle| | |changes to competitors. |operations | | | | |That other offices | | | | |Have not been able to. | | |Best Snacks maintained a |Davila, T. Epstein,|My organization | |Business Model |successful Business Modal for |M. , Shelton, R. |Changed its Business | | |many years, which contributed |(2006). Making |Model, to better serve | |Change |to their success. With |Innovation Work: How|It customers. They | | |competition steadily increasing, Best Snacks will |To Manage It, |Designed the Model | | |have to |measure It, And |Around their new face and | | |re-introduce and |Profit From It. |slogan, â€Å"Long Term Smart. † This | | |revamp their business model in |Upper Saddle River, |Simply is ensuring that | | |order to compete in the industry. New Jersey: Wharton |Customers get the rights | | |The company has went outside it’s Normal practice |School Publishing. |products for | | |and | |Them and their families. The | | |brought in a New CEO to put a different | |modal is | | |Perspective and spin on things. The CEO plans to | |Meant for consumers | | |show results within the company in 12 months. | |To think long term | | | | |Which will benefit them more in | | | | |the | | | | |Future rather than now. | | | | | | |Products and Services are the main part of any |Davila, T. , Epstein,|My organization | | |organization. Companies have to not only |M. , Shelton, R. |offers many different | | |make sure that they are offering |(2006). Making |products and services | |Product and Service Offerings |products and services that the |Innovation Work: How|from life insurance to | | |consumers want. Companies |To Manage It, |annuities. The | | |have to ensure they are |measure It, And |company ensures that | | |constantly creating or offering |Profit From It. they have the | | |the newest products. In most |Upper Saddle River, |products that | | |instances consumers have |New Jersey: Wharton |consumers want. | | |been conditioned to expect |School Publishing. |Our agents go through | | |product innovation to such an | |extensive training | | |extent now it is ommon for | |to be able to provide | | |people to time their purchases | |and sell individuals | | |(Davila, Epstein, Shelton 2006 | |products that are right for | | |Pg. 35). Best Snacks have | |them. If a certain | | |not been offering many products | |product is not | | |or service to consumers over the past couple of | |performing well, the | | |years. They have lost the customer loyalty base | |company evaluates it | | |and a huge part of the market. |and decides if it is | | |The old saying goes, â€Å"If you | |the best interest to | | |don’t do it, someone else will. † | |pull the product and | | |Best Snacks, needs to apply that | |offer a different one. | |same concept to their business. | | | | |Their competition is growing | | | | |fast and taking the customers | | | | |that once was committed to Best Snacks. | | | |Best Snack’s is faced with a |Jones, G. (2004). |In my organization, | |Organizational |serious problem of lack of |Organizational |Because of industry | | |creative thinking and new |Theory, Design, and |Decisions have to be | |Decision Making |innovation. Organizational |Change. Upper Saddle|Made in a timely | | |Decision Making is defined as |River, New Jersey: |Manner depending | | |the process of responding |Prentice-Hall. |On the problem. | |to a problem by searching for | |Sometimes decisions | | |and selecting a solution or | |Are made at the | | |course of action that will create value for | |higher level, | | |organizational | |whereas other | | |stakeholders (Jones 2004. Pg. | |decisions can be | | |368). Hopefully the new plan | |made by managers | | |that Sabrina will initiate to the | |Or even employees. I Personally | | |Staff will help the company get back on track. The| |had a | | |employees | |customer upset | | |have become complacent | |because of a certain | | |because the company has done | |process that was in | | |well for many years. In order for best Snacks to | |place and because she was going | | |gain their market | |to | | |share back they will have to | |another country, | | |change. The stakeholders have | |would create a | | |become apprehensive of Best | |problem for her. I made the | | |Snacks ability to perform and | |decision to | | |stay competitive. The new | |override this | | |changes and decision, will | |process As a | | |hopefully show the stakeholders | |courtesy. Once I | | |that the company is still capable | |was finished | | |of being on top. |handling the issue, I told my | | | | |Manager | | | | |what I had | | | | |done and she was | | | | |happy that I went ahead and done| | | | |that, verses causing | | | | |the customer to | | | | |escalate the | | | | |situation Further. | How to cite Key Concepts of Creativity and Innovation Worksheet, Papers

Compare Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine and Thomas free essay sample

Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson based on our readings and discussions in class. BY squarers Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson all had similar values and ideas about America concerning politics and Its economy. They all also had a knack for getting people to follow them. Benjamin Franklin, who had only died about 30 years before William Culled Bryant wrote To Cole, the Painter, Departing for Europe, seemed to express different views about America vs.. Europe in his letters.In a letter Franklin wrote to his grandson, he expressed how he wanted to return to America before his death but didnt think he would be able to. He seemed so passionate when writing about America. It was as if there was nothing better than America. We also know that Franklin was very Involved In politics and economics. He Is one of the first people we read about who was very concerned with money and how It affected status and politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine and Thomas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Obviously wealth affects status In at least some aspect. Whether the wealth was measured by money or by land. It defined social class. Only people of the upper class took part in politics.Franklin was one of Americas founding fathers. He helped write the Declaration of Independence, which we still abide by today, over 200 years later. Benjamin Franklin listed 13 virtues with their precepts in one of his documents. He listed these to make sure he abided by all of them and Just these 13. One of the precepts was order. He expanded on this by making a schedule of how his business and his life should run. It listed what should be done for the day, Including when he should eat and sleep. He was definitely ahead of his time and set the standards for Americans today.Thomas Paine Instilled his Ideas onto others In Common Sense. He starts out by saying, In the following pages I offer nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments, and common sense. Just by writing this, he has already captivated the reader and forced them to see his views and Just common sense. Paine seemed to specialize in revolts and working for the ordinary person. This was Pains involvement in politics; getting the common person to see how they were oppressed and how things should change. He took action by forming revolutions. Paine felt that America should be free from British control.He stated, We have boasted the protection of Great Britain without considering that her motive was interest, not attachment; and that she did not protect us from our enemies on our account, but from her enemies on her own account, from those who had no quarrel with us on any other account, and who will always be our enemies on the same us because of their own personal reasons and when we were under attack, Britain didnt care and sequentially, they had created enemies for both places. Thomas Jefferson took part in politics as well as Franklin and Paine and was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence.Jefferson, unlike Franklin and Paine, was born into his wealth. He was never a commoner and therefore never knew what it was like to be in that position. I find it interesting that someone of his stature would be allowed to help write the Declaration of Independence which helps guide everyone including commoners. He couldnt possibly understand what would be best for them. This is probably why there are many things in the constitution that dont seem fair to an ordinary person, such as the Electoral College. This system was basically created because a regular person could not have a vote left in their hands.Although Jefferson seems like he wants independence for America, it also seems like he doesnt trust America to have this Independence. All three people that I have discussed seem to differ in their views of America vs. . Europe from Bryant. Bryant seems to be thrilled that America is based on Europe. Places such as New York and New England were almost exact replicas of the originals. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson were trying to change the way America was to make it a better place to live. It is because of these men that America is everything it is today.

Approaches to Visual Communication Example

Approaches to Visual Communication Example Approaches to Visual Communication – Research Paper Example Approaches to Visual Communication Visual communication is one way in which many organizations use to communicate some of their operations and dealings. It has become an age old practice to reach a wider group of people with the use of this technique. It has grown over time and has become appreciated by members of organizations around the world (Williams & Hickerson, 2007). Information in any business organization can be communicated in the form of illustrations, cartoons, and information graphics that aid in improving an organization’s statistics. There is also the use of images in the organization. They can also come in handy when trying to communicate the intended message to people in the organization. With the aid of such visual communication tactics, it is very easy for organizations or individuals to identify their targets (Williams & Hickerson, 2007). Through such identification, organizations can create chances to achieve these targets. This paper will review some of the methods that are used to communicate messages, and how they achieve this purpose. In the above examples of visual communication, there has been the communication of a certain message. They attempt to address the issue of teamwork. They are appropriate in showing the organization that the set targets can only be achieved through teamwork (Williams & Hickerson, 2007). In the first visual picture, there is a mockery of a certain kind that involves a new form of management. There are people who are keen to note the change that is made in the organization. They are rather quick to comment about the poster on the door. This cartoon or illustration can show an audience about the treatment the subordinates of the organization face, or go through each day. The comments are voiced by two individuals who can be members of the organization. They make it clear that they are sometimes not involved in the organization’s decision making process. They, however, find solace in confiding their feelings to each other, and manage to push through each working day. The cartoon illustration can be of help to managers around the world. They may get to thinking about some of the things their employees say, or think. They might change the manner in which they run things, and start to involve their employees more in the organization’s projects (Smith, 2005). In the second visual approach to communication, the image represents the acronym of the word team. Here, such a representation could indicate that an organization can achieve more with the involvement of everyone in the organization. If left to one individual, no organization can achieve its full potential. The greatness of any organization can only be measured by the support it has from all those who make it happen (Smith, 2005). This includes everyone, from the top manager, to even the janitor. Without their input, an organization would cease to function as it should normally. It would fail to achieve the success it would normally have achieved. As organizations continue to grow around the world, it has become a common thing for their managers to distribute the amount of work needed to be done. It becomes, however, a problem when the individuals chosen to lead certain duties become over-competitive. If there is a little competition, it can be considered healthy for the organization (Smith, 2005). However, for the sake of the organization, it is vital they all work together. They might get to see good progress done in the organization. In the third image, there is the illustration of a cycle that exists in an organization. It starts from the manager, that is, the leader, who incorporates teamwork in the organization. The leader starts by setting an example in the manner in which they structure their organization. They do this with the intention of ensuring that individuals get along, and eventually, help bring the organization to attain its full potential (Smith, 2005). In the spirit of teamwork, the organization is likely to achieve success in all its endeavours. All these approaches are effective in communicating the message of teamwork. Teamwork in any organization brings more success. It can also be responsible for bringing people together. This is true as many organizations have grown over the years due to trust created among employees and employers (Lester, 2006). According to many organizations, signs and symbols are a more effective manner to communicate with individuals. They appeal to a wider group of people. The easiness in which individuals can identify and understand the meaning of most of the signs and symbols makes this the most effective of all visual communication approaches. In conclusion, the importance of visual communication approaches has been already been identified. It is important for organizations to communicate in this manner. This is because they reach and appeal to a wider variety of people. These methods need to be improved so that people can understand them better (Lester, 2006). They also need to be implemented on a much broader scale in organizations. They can be of abundant advantages to those that need their use. They are seen to achieve their purpose better and thus, aiding the growth of many organizations around the world. They can also lead to improved relationships in the workplace. References Lester, P. M. (2006). Visual communication: Images and messages. New York: Free Press. Smith, K. L. (2005). Handbook of visual communication: Theory, methods, and media. London: Macmillan. Williams, R., & Hickerson, J. L. (2007). Visual communication: Integrating media, art, and science. New York: PULP.

Free Essays on The Wingfield Way

The Wingfield Way Tennessee Williams’ play The Glass Menagerie gives readers a look into a truly dysfunctional family. At first it could seem as if their lives are anything but normal, but Amanda’s â€Å"impulse to preserve her single-parent family seems as familiar as the morning newspaper† (Presley 53). The Wingfield’s are a typical family just struggling to get by. Their problems, however, stem from their inability to effectively communicate with each other. Instead of talking out their differences, they resort to desperate acts. The desperation that the Wingfields embrace has led them to create illusions in their minds and in turn become deceptive. Amanda, Tom, and Laura are caught up in a web of desperation, denial, and deception, and it is this entrapment that prevents them, as it would any family, from living productive and emotionally fulfilling lives together. Amanda Wingfield’s life has not ended up as she would have wished. She states, â€Å"I wasn’t prepared for what the future brought me† (Williams 720). According to Delma E. Presley, â€Å"If Amanda appears desperate, she certainly has a legitimate reason† (37). First of all, she has a daughter, Laura, that is dependent upon her for everything. She is afraid that Laura will end up a â€Å"little birdlike [woman] without any nest- eating the crust of humility† for the rest of her life (Williams 700). She also has a son, Tom, who goes to the movies almost every night, or so he says. Amanda knows that the â€Å"movies don’t let out at two A.M.† (Williams 703). When he finally does come home, Tom is â€Å"stumbling† and â€Å"muttering to [himself] like a maniac† (Williams 703). Amanda desperately fears that he is beginning to take after his father’s ways. She is caring for â€Å"a fragile menagerie c omposed of two children† (Presley 24). The desperation of her situation leads her to become controlling, and she takes t... Free Essays on The Wingfield Way Free Essays on The Wingfield Way The Wingfield Way Tennessee Williams’ play The Glass Menagerie gives readers a look into a truly dysfunctional family. At first it could seem as if their lives are anything but normal, but Amanda’s â€Å"impulse to preserve her single-parent family seems as familiar as the morning newspaper† (Presley 53). The Wingfield’s are a typical family just struggling to get by. Their problems, however, stem from their inability to effectively communicate with each other. Instead of talking out their differences, they resort to desperate acts. The desperation that the Wingfields embrace has led them to create illusions in their minds and in turn become deceptive. Amanda, Tom, and Laura are caught up in a web of desperation, denial, and deception, and it is this entrapment that prevents them, as it would any family, from living productive and emotionally fulfilling lives together. Amanda Wingfield’s life has not ended up as she would have wished. She states, â€Å"I wasn’t prepared for what the future brought me† (Williams 720). According to Delma E. Presley, â€Å"If Amanda appears desperate, she certainly has a legitimate reason† (37). First of all, she has a daughter, Laura, that is dependent upon her for everything. She is afraid that Laura will end up a â€Å"little birdlike [woman] without any nest- eating the crust of humility† for the rest of her life (Williams 700). She also has a son, Tom, who goes to the movies almost every night, or so he says. Amanda knows that the â€Å"movies don’t let out at two A.M.† (Williams 703). When he finally does come home, Tom is â€Å"stumbling† and â€Å"muttering to [himself] like a maniac† (Williams 703). Amanda desperately fears that he is beginning to take after his father’s ways. She is caring for â€Å"a fragile menagerie c omposed of two children† (Presley 24). The desperation of her situation leads her to become controlling, and she takes t...

A Small Network Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Small Network Design - Essay Example The costs of the local area network have also been included by providence of possible prices for the devices. Requirements The company requires a local area network to ensure efficient and effective communication, administration of the branches and it users. The main requirements here then are the devices to implement a local area network without concentrating on wide area network requirements. Some of the devices for a LAN include: routers for communication between branches, switches; for communication between devices in a LAN, cables; to interconnect devices, connectors; which ensure end to end connections between a cable and a device and of course office automation devices like servers e.g., file servers, mail servers and printers for storing and downloading files, for mail exchange and for installing printing software respectively. The company also will require software for their customized uses; the software might be outsourced or in-house. The company also requires operational staff software e.g., word processing. Other devices, which the company is ought to have includes telephony system such as using Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and installing VoIP phones. VoIP is IP based and convergent, but use of other implementations like ISDN is possible. The company also requires mail servers e.g. ... The company wants a general LAN design, and it might also decide to include wireless LAN, which uses connectionless media for devices to communicate but not advisable because it is prone to network intrusion such as phishing and spoofing. Almost all computers come with connectors like RJ45 for Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) connection. The main cable type, which will be used, is Unshielded Twisted Pair which are used for LANs. It has several categories according to performance. For this company, the ideal one is Category 5e Ethernet (cat5e). It has a jacket and an outside sheath. Cat5e is an extension of category 5 which has extra features to minimize cross-talk and signal interference, its speed is 125Mbps unlike Cat5 which is 100Mps. Depending on the number of users and need for fast connectivity the company might opt to use Category 7 of UTP. This is also called SSTP (shielded screen twisted pair). It has a data rate of 600Mps. Computers The company requires computers to carry out all the automated work in the company and also to install software for communication. It needs desktop computers for basic office automation software like word processing, emailing and accessing the internet. For software, which require more memory and processing power such as design software and working on graphics, the company will require work stations. Laptops also can be used for both small office work and also large software, a Core i5 laptop can be as powerful as a work station and some can be termed as mobile workstations. Switches Switches are intelligent devices, unlike repeaters and hubs and are suitable for computers in the LAN of the company to

DQ Questions 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DQ Questions 4 - Essay Example My focus would be on common stock (Bragg, 2011). Weighted average cost of capital is the cost based on relative significance of each source of capital. It is the product of the percentage contribution of each source of capital and percentage cost of each source. It therefore consists of debt, preferred stock, common stock, and their percentage contribution, and costs. It is more appropriate in capital budgeting because it gives accurate average values for each unit capital that it derives from the different sources. WACC informs organizations towards optimal cost of long-term capital through identifying unit costs (Bragg, 2011). Initial Public Offer defines an initial launch of a company’s shares, in the stock market, to the public. The offering company avails its share for purchase in return for cost of the stock. This allows an organization to grow financially because it creates cash inflow without material cash outflow from the offering company. Merger and acquisition is a more appropriate way to grow when growth prospects extend beyond finances to include expertise, market control, and property, among other resources (Bragg,

The Theory of Comfort by Katherine Kolcaba

The Theory of Comfort by Katherine Kolcaba The Theory of Comfort by Katherine Kolcaba is middle range theory. Middle range theories contain a limited number of concepts and have a more limited scope. However, Kolcabas Theory of Comfort is classified as a high middle range theory making it a more general and abstract theory. Making it closely related to a Grande Theory which is very abstract and general and can be applied to a variety of experiences and responses (McEwen Wills, 2011). This is very true for The Theory of Comfort as many articles have been written adapting the theory to multiple scopes of nursing. Middle range theories include something specific related to nursing practice such as a situation or condition of a patient or patient population. Middle range theories also take into account the populations age and location when working on the development of a theory. A middle range theory also includes an intervention, proposed outcome, or an action of the nurse. Middle range theories are developed by interpreting and observing lived experiences with a relation to health and nursing (Tomey Alligood, 2002). In Katherine Kolcabas Theory of Comfort she spent much time examining the relationships and outcomes of patients in relation to comfort. Context Katherine Kolcaba originally wrote the Theory of Comfort with Alzheimers and dementia patients in mind. However, Katherine herself has co-written multiple articles about other scopes of nursing related to her theory. Two recent articles were written applying her theory to perianesthesia nursing and hospice nursing (Kolcaba Wilson, 2002 and Vendlinski Kolcaba, 1997).When Kolcaba was developing her theory she utilized logical reasoning. She utilized induction, deduction, reduction. Kolcaba utilized a preexisting framework as her antecedent. The framework was written by Henry Murray (Tomey Alligood, 2002), it was from a book entitled Explorations in Personality. Henry A. Murray was a professor of psychology at Harvard University; he received the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological Association and the Gold Medal Award for lifetime achievement from the American Psychological Foundation. When it first came out in 1938, this book had a provocative and insightful effect, urging psychologists to study personality holistically and in depth and emphasizing the complex interactions between individual, social, and cultural characteristics. Salvatore R. Maddi, Professor, Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine (Explorations in Personality, 2007). This was a very good starting point for the theory as comfort is best achieved through holistic treatment. She also began with a concept analysis of the term, comfort. Katherine Kolcaba gathered the definition, of comfort from many different disciplines. Within The Theory of Comfort the metaparadigm proposition of nursing actions is utilized (Kolcaba, 2001). This is evident in this theory because it is built around evaluating for the lack of comfort and then reevaluating the patient to calculate the success of any implementations made or actions taken. Katherine Kolcaba utilizes the all four of the metaparadigm concepts: nursing, patient, environment, and health. In nursing there is an assessment of comfort needs, actions to promote comfort, and then the reassessment of comfort levels. The assessment and reassessment can be either subjective or objective. The patient can be an individual or their family. The environment is any part of the patients surroundings that can be manipulated by the nurse to enhance the patients comfort. Finally, health is the optimum functioning of the patient (Tomey Alligood, 2002).The author believes that Kolcaba does utilize all four of the metaparadigm because the patient is the center. The nurse is essential because the nurse provides the care to increase the comfort. The environment also plays an essential role in this theory as comfort or discomfort can be found in the patients environment. Finally the author believes that when all of these three are in cooperation to create comfort the patient wil l then have an increase in their health. The philosophical claim that The Theory of Comfort is based on is human needs. There are two core components of this philosophy. There first is the motivational drive that is behind human behavior. The second is the force driven by social and cultural politics that influences the patients expectations. Patients comfort needs are driven by their expectations of competent and holistic nursing care (Kolcaba, 2001). The world view that fits The Theory of Comfort most concisely is the reciprocal world view this fits well because human beings are active and holistic. Humans interact with their environment and this interaction may lead to pain, displeasure, or comfort. Humans learn from their experiences and this leads them to the ability to make decisions that can keep them in a more comfortable environment. Content The Theory of Comfort has six basic concepts: health care needs, nursing interventions, intervening variables, patient comfort, health seeking behaviors, and institutional integrity (Kolcaba, 2001). Health care needs are defined as the need for comfort that comes from stressful health care situations. The types of needs that can arise are: physical, psychospiritual, social, and environmental, these are the same terms that Kolcaba uses to evaluate the effectiveness. These needs are made apparent through close monitoring (Tomey Alligood, 2002). Nursing interventions are defined as the commitment of nursing and health care institutions to promote comfort care and meet the comfort needs of patients (Kolcaba, 2001). Intervening variables is anything that affects the outcome (Kolcaba, 2001). Some possible variables include: past experience, age, attitude, emotional state, support system, prognosis, and finances (Tomey Alligood, 2002). Patient comfort is defined as, immediate state of bei ng strengthened by having needs met in 4 contexts of human experience, (physical, psychospiritual, social, and environmental) (Kolcaba, 2001). Health seeking behaviors is defined as, the pursuit of health as defined by the recipient, in consultation with the nurse, (Tomey Alligood, 2002). Instructional integrity is an institution that possess qualities of completeness, honesty, sincerity and is also appealing (Tomey Alligood, 2002). Katherine Kolcaba has a total of six propositions that outline her theory of comfort. The first of the six is that a nurse identifies the comfort needs that have not yet been identified by the patients other support systems. The second proposition is that the nurse is then responsible for designing interventions to address those unmet needs of the patient. The third is taking into account the variables that could affect the intervention that has been proposed to help the patient. The forth proposition by Kolcaba is that once the comfort is met or achieved that patients are encouraged to engage in health seeking behaviors. The fifth proposition is that once a patient has been strengthened and are participating in health seeking behaviors they are then more satisfied with their health care. The last proposition of The Theory of Comfort is when a patient is satisfied with their health care in a particular institution that institution retains its integrity (Kolcaba, 2001). All six of the propositions are relational in the streamline. All six of the propositions have to take effect for the patient to be brought to an acceptable level of comfort with that level of comfort being maintained for an extended period of time. All six of Katherine Kolcabas propositions are relational as they are a streamlined reevaluating process that depends on all parts for success and structurally necessary to have holistic health. Katherine Kolcaba has listed four major assumptions in her Evolution of the Theory of Comfort. The first is human beings have holistic responses to complex stimuli (Kolcaba, 2001). The second is that comfort is a desirable holistic outcome that is relevant to the discipline of nursing. The third is, it is an active endeavor to meet and maintain comfort. The fourth and final assumption is that institutional integrity has a large component that is based on a patient oriented value system (Kolcaba, 2001). Katherine Kolcabas diagramed conceptual model consists of the basic principles of The Theory of Comfort. The health care needs, nursing interventions, and intervening variables all work in cooperation to become enhanced comfort. Enhanced comfort then leads to health seeking behaviors. The facility or company who has in use best policies and best practices will then be able to promote and relate health seeking behaviors utilizing those policies and practices. Health seeking behaviors then have the ability to become internal and external behaviors which can lead to greater health. The health seeking behaviors may also lead to a peaceful death, (The Comfortliners, 2010) as this is the goal of hospice nursing and the Theory of Comfort has been utilized in hospice nursing (Vendlinski Kolcaba, 1997). This concept is much easier to visualize than read. In order to evaluate the success of achieving comfort Katherine Kolcaba has developed a table or taxonomic structure to document comfort. On the left side of the chart are four rows labeled, physical, psychospiritual, environmental, and social, (Tomey Alligood, 2002) which are the context for which comfort occurs. The three columns on top are the types of comfort, relief, ease, and transcendence, (Tomey Alligood, 2002). Kolcaba defines relief as the stated of having had a specific need met or mediated, ease is, the state of calm and contentment, and transcendence is, the state in which one rises above problems or pain, (Kolcaba, 2001). When evaluating a patients comfort the nurse fills in the twelve empty squares with what action helps to achieve that level of comfort. Theory Evaluation Significance Comfort is a massively important concept of nursing and The Theory of Comfort is designed to bring comfort to patients. The diagrammed conceptual model provides the simplest explanation for the theory. The metaparadigm concepts are not clearly defined by Katherine Kolcaba; however she does clearly states the philosophical claim and its concepts. The conceptual framework and antecedent knowledge is minimally defined within her work, but they are acknowledged and cited. Internal consistence The content and context reflect each other nicely as they are both centered around holistic comfort, however the clarity throughout the theory is minimal. The six propositions of The Theory of Comfort are clearly stated by Katherine Kolcaba. The six propositions flow consistently to outline the theory well. The assumptions are clearly stated and are consistent with comfort and treating the patient holistically. The theory is reciprocal as all parts are dependent on the others for success. Parsimony Throughout The Theory of Comfort there is minimal clarity. The propositions and the conceptual diagram are the clearest components of the work. The theory would be more understandable if it were stated more simply. Testability The Theory of Comfort does not have a very specific evaluation processes aside from the taxonomic structure that the nurse fills in by documenting what implementations help to achieve comfort, which was previously mentioned. However with regular nursing assessments the nurse will know if comfort has been achieved, either objectively or subjectively. The best way to measure comfort rather a nurse is utilizing this theory or not is to frequently ask and objectively assess a patient and notice nonverbal indications of pain. As with any high middle range theory, The Theory of Comfort is very abstract and proves difficult to measure results in a definitive method. Empirical adequacy The Theory of Comfort has been adapted to several different fields of nursing aside from its original focus of dementia care. Perianesthesia nursing has adapted this theory to help patients especially by utilizing the table to document different methods of obtaining comfort. It has also lead nurses in this scope of practice to realize the importance of education (Kolcaba Wilson, 2002). The theory has also been utilized by hospice nurses, this is the ideal scope of nursing to utilize this theory. It has provided hospice nurses with a broader outlook on how to provide holistic comfort to their dying patients (Vendlinski Kolcaba, 1997). Pragmatic adequacy The Theory of Comfort is a very practical concept as everyone feels better when they are comfortable. Patients and families are more able and willing to absorb information when they are comfortable and focused. This theory provides simple steps to ensure comfort is being delivered. The Theory of Comfort encourages nurses to think more deeply about rather or not their patient is comfortable, along with what is causing discomfort and what is promoting comfort. It also encourages nurses to document the variation of methods in which a patient becomes comfortable in different settings. A basic nursing knowledge such as an associates degree is necessary for utilizing this theory, however in order to understand the written theory in its entirety a more advanced knowledge level proves to be a necessity.

How Nirvana Changed the World Essay

In the late eighties music was going through a big change. People wanted something new, something exciting, especially the younger generation. No more soft melodies and pop music like Duran Duran and Madonna. In these changing times a very special band called Nirvana came on the music scene. Three young man from Seatlle, Washington – Kurt Cobain on vocals and on guitar, Krist Novoselic on bass and Dave Grohl on drums – they were everything people yearned for, but didn? t even knew it. With long hair, washed-up jeans and ? I don’t give a f†¦? ttitude people wanted to see more. They defied authority with rough sound later defined as Grunge – a mixture of metal and punk rock. Their lyrics gave a whole generation meaning, hope and something to aspire to. If you look at most of the bands and singers of the eighties, you see a certain type of look; very polished, man with top buttons of their shirts opened – kind of a macho look. The girls had big hair and small, tight outfits that don’t leave much to the imagination. But in the end of the decade there was a new look, changing the standards. Really long, neglected hair, light jeans full of holes and so washed-up that it was hard to recognize their color. In around the year 1989 this look became known as the Grunge look. Nirvana looked and acted like they were nothing important, just three regular guys and if it weren’t for that image they would have never got such a sensation as they did. Completely different from their look was their sound, their music. Well played choruses combined with excellent long solo? s, this was something to hear. According to Cobain, the sound came first and the lyrics followed. With songs containing lyrics like ? Here we are now, entertain us? , ? I? m so ugly, but its okay ? cause so are you? and ? When I swear that I don’t have a gun? you would think people wouldn’t relate. But they did and sung along from the top of their lungs on concerts. One of the things that made them sound so good is the fact that Kurt, who wrote most of the bands music and lyrics poured his heart and soul into every song. When their second album Nevermind came out in 1991, the band became an instant global success story. They changed from an underground band playing in bars and small halls to an international sensation that booked big tours all around the world. Although they were famous now, had a lot of money and fans something was still missing for Kurt. If you compare their early years to the year 1993 or 94 you can see Kurt? s transformation. From an enthusiastic and charming person became a sad, lonely individual who had seemed to lose his spirit and was in a lot of pain. Many people believe that was due to drugs he was using, but I think there were many contributing factors to his fading character. It is recognized that his marriage to Courtney Love, who was also a musician, just less successful one, had a lot to contribute to his state of mind. Love is a person who craves constant attention and the finest things in life like expensive clothes and jewelry, big houses and non-stop excitement, partying. People say that opposites attract (and so did Kurt in Milk It), but that was one strange couple with a stormy marriage filled with public disputes and scandals. I? m starting to believe that such different people shouldn’t be together despite their attraction towards one another. Due to all these factors and many more Kurt ended his life with a shotgun to the head in April of 1994. For a short time of five years Nirvana was on the top and had the world in its palms. Most people agree that they inspired a whole generation with their music and their charisma. Only every once in a while comes a band like this, which has the complete package that just looks and sound perfect. It is sometimes said that Kurt was a spoiled child, who couldn’t take the circus that comes with fame, so he took the cowards way out and ended his life, leaving his loved ones behind. In my opinion he was a great man who suffered from problems like everyone else and being in the constant spotlight just made things worse. People who liked them will always remember that funny trio that did a difference on the music scene. When I listen to their records, I get the feeling that I can do great things, everything I want and much more. It doesn’t matter where you come from or how you look, you are something special, something unique. At least, that is how I understand and interpret their message towards the world.

Organization and Behavior Essay

1. Understand the Relationship between Organizational Culture and Structure 1.1. Compare and contrast three different organizational structures and cultures. The long term success and failure of every company depends on its structure – no matter how vague it may sound, structure of a company decides where the company will be in the near future. The three types of structures are: Functional structure – under this kind of structure, the company is divided into different groups, who are then assigned different tasks – like the accounts, the sales and admin, and the marketing departments. Divisional structure – this kind of structure is followed by companies with huge geographical area coverage. Each part of the area has a smaller division within the same umbrella group. Matrix structure – this is a combination of both the divisional and functional structures, and operates upon theories imported from these two structures. But, this structure is associated with ego clashes among the top positions, and power clashes. The different kinds of organizational cultures are as follows: Power culture: organizations following this kind of culture may be able to respond to crisis very quickly, but the problem is that the system is very centralized. This kind of culture relies heavily upon people rather than committees (Harris, 1994). Role culture – position is main criteria in the role culture. The organization is controlled by senior management at the top of the pyramid, and the system is also highly formalized. Task culture – this type of culture is practiced more often by organizations with a matrix structure. Main emphasis in this structure is given to completion of tasks. It strongly believes in the unified power of a team (Harris, 1994). 1.2. The relationship between an organization’s structure and culture There is a very strong relation between organizational structure and its culture, as only the perfect match of the two factors will lead to a good working environment in office. At TESCOS, as a store manger, it is  definitely a priority to look at the kind of attitude and behavior the employees are having, and how clean and suitable the culture is. If the structure of a company id hierarchical, with all the decisions being made at the top, the employees will have no or less freedom, and there will lack of autonomy at the lower level of the pyramid. On the other hand, if the power is divided between all the sections, the company culture will be lot more friendly, with the employees at all levels enjoying equal freedom (Parker, 2000). 1.3. Overview of four factors that can influence individual behavior at the Irish TESCOS Environment – more emphasis put on building a friendly and mutual environment in the workspace will ensure that team work and productivity of the company increases. Technology – the better the prevailing technology at the core of the company, the lesser the employees will have to work, and hence, better streamlined workflow and productivity can be ensured. Locus of control – employees who have an external locus of control will constantly criticize people, find faults, and also depend on others for their success. On the other hand, people with internal locus of control think that their own destiny is in their own hands. Customer Demand – though and external factor, but it is to be noted, that the more the demand, the more the sales, and greater the growth of the company (Parker, 2000). Task-2 2. Understand the Relationship between Organizational Culture and Structure 2.1. Compare three different leadership styles for three different business  organizations Leaders are different, and so are their leadership styles. Leaders are meant to motivate their team, and hence, leadership styles sculpt the outlook of the staffs. Here are the various leadership styles: Laissez Faire – in this kid of leadership style, the leaders allow a certain level of freedom is given to the staff, and trained directors are appointed to coordinate efficiently between the high level managers and the working staff (Antonakis et al, 2004). Autocratic style – under this style of leadership, the leaders keep an eye on the employees at all time, and face time is increased. There are a lot of arguments over this style of leadership, as there exists no or little freedom for the employees, and they sometimes find it extremely uncomfortable to work under these situations. But when practiced in a controlled manner, this style can be effective, especially under tight deadlines (Antonakis et al, 2004). Participative – This is a good balanced style, and a mix of both the autocratic and Laissez Faire styles. This gives a little bit of freedom to the employees, while the managers are still around supervising at all times. 2.2. How organizational theory underpins the practice of management for the Irish TESCOS In the Irish TESCOS scenario, organizational theory has a vital role to play. The authenticity and practicality of organizational theory has been questioned by many modern scholars, but the fact remains that these theories underpin and supports the stability of an organization. These theories, apart from helping the managers to find out the prevailing problems in the company, also help them to find the right method to deal with the problem, and ultimately solve it. There are a lot of these theories – they have been created in different  periods, with different economic and socio economic conditions – and the real art for managers’ lies in finding the best method out of these, and applying them in the present context. Some of these theories may seem to be obsolete these days in the age of ever changing technology, but it is to be understood that they form the base and foundation of companies across the world. 2.3. Evaluate four different approaches to management used by different organizations. The four different managerial approaches are as follows: Participative- Under this approach, the managers discusses and collaborates with his team managers about the decision making process. [pic] Bureaucratic- Bureaucratic is opposite to participative process, where the manager forces the team members to follow strict rules, and to obey a chain of commands (Tittemore, 2003). Autocratic – An autocratic manager is almost a ‘dictator’ who supervises his people at all steps and ensures job is done at the right time. Hands off approach- This is the friendliest approach of all, where the manager gives complete freedom to his men in all respects (Sapru, 2008). Task-3 3. Understand ways of using motivational theories in organizations 3.1. How different leadership styles impact employee motivation in periods of change Periods of change are often the periods when crisis happens. Hence, good leadership techniques are to be adopted by the leaders to protect the company from sudden jerks. Here are the most commonly practiced leadership  styles: Autocratic – managers following this style will never allow the team members to contribute towards the decision making process, and will try to establish huge confidence towards their own decisions. Democratic – totally opposite to autocratic style of leadership, when special attention is paid to what the team members think. The point of views of the employees is hence at least heard before making the final decision. Quiet – in this process of decision making highly trained employees are recruited by the manger, and then leaves day to day decision making to them, as he remains ‘quiet’. Transformational – as the name suggests, the manager practicing this method tries to encourage and motivate his team about the bright future of the company, and hence tries to extract more productive work from them (Robbins and Judge, 2008). 3.2. Identify the application of three different motivational theories within the workplace. Listed below are three different motivational theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs – Maslow states that human needs can be graphically represented as a pyramid, and they move from the bottom to the top; as the needs at the bottom are satisfied, man focuses on the next need at the top. These needs range from love needs, social needs, to self actualization (Maccoby, 1998). Carrot Stick – this theory was coined by Bentham, and explains that human is motivated by either of the two forces – fear or incentives. Either he will work to fulfill his money, security and other material needs, or he will work due to pressure and fear. The motivation – hygiene theory – this theory was introduced by Herzberg in 1959, and stresses on the fact that employee satisfaction and dissatisfaction is caused by some ‘hygiene factors’ (Maccoby, 1998). 3.3. The usefulness of a motivation theory for managers at the TESCOS in Ireland. Companies like the TESCOS do rely on their employees for not only production, but also for proper distribution and even product quality control. But to get exceptional performances from them it is required for the managers to provide proper motivational incentives. Motivational theories can help the TESCOS managers to properly motivate their employees and provide them proper job roles for increased productivity. Organizational Management – organizations use motivational theories to promote favorable working conditions at the organizational and departmental levels. Rewards – The reward system takes a lot from the expectancy theory, and helps motivating the employees to work even harder, as they see their work being appreciated. Perception of the employees – in the equity theory, it ca be learnt that employees perceive the rewards given to them in exchange of the work that they need to do. When the perception and actual incentive matches, the employee gets motivated to perform better in the future (Robbins and Judge, 2008). Productivity – a lot of company incorporate goal setting as a fine tool to increase the productivity level of the employees. Task-4 4. Understand mechanisms for developing effective teamwork in organizations 4.1. Explain the nature of groups and group behavior within organizations. A group may be defined as a collection of individuals who have similar aims and are set to achieve the same goal. Groups are mainly of two types: Formal Groups – these groups are designed by companies, and each group is assigned different and specific tasks. Informal groups – these are groups formed by individuals themselves. Hence, they are not properly arranged, and not at all structured (Butler 1986). Groups are formed over a series of steps. They are: Forming – the initial stage of group formation. In this stage, the resources and other details required to form the group are procured. Storming – much like ‘brain storming’, in this stage, the individuals in each group challenge and try to find answers. Conflicts are common in this stage. Norming – in this stage, all conflicts are resolved, as the answers to the questions asked by the members are found. Performing – in this stage, coordination, and team work starts taking place between the different team members, and they start becoming a single unit. 4.2. Factors that may promote the development of effective teamwork in organizations The factors that can improve teamwork are: Good leadership – A good leader ca motivate his men in performing better and reaching greater heights. Hence, leadership is a factor that should never be underestimated. Leaders are adept in different theories and motivational methods, and the best leaders are those who can take spontaneous decisions (Parker, 2000).. Diversity – good teamwork develops as and when the members embrace diversity in terms of age, sex, religion and culture. Communication – if communication is strong among all the team members, everyone will be on the same page, and will also be equally informed. Great communication is the key to effective team building. Team Building Exercises – proper training is to provided for effective team building; and the training is to provided with the help of professionals who can indulge the team in proper drills and exercises. 4.3. Impact of technology on team functioning within TESCOS in Ireland. In the modern era, no organization can work without upgrading to the latest technological trends. Technology not only makes sure that the employees have to work less, but also ensures that the results are always accurate, and there is no repetition of jobs. While emails can help the employees to communicate with themselves and the third parties, devises like the Blackberry and Smart phones enable them to properly communicate. Teleconferencing allows the team to communicate over distances effectively without being physically present there. And of course, computers are, the more advanced, the better. Not only TISCOS, but every company these days understand of the important role that technology plays, and hence have started to upgrade to the latest technological updates. References Antonakis, J., Cianciolo, A. T. and Sternberg, R. J., 2004. The Nature of Leadership. New York: Sage Publications, Inc. Butler Jr., J.K., 1986. A global view of informal organization. Academy of Management Journal, 51, 3, 39-43. Harris, S. G., 1994. Organizational Culture and Individual Sensemaking: A Schema-Based Perspective. Organization Science, Vol. 5,(3): pp. 309–321. Maccoby, M., 1998. Why Work: Motivating and Leading the New Generation. New York: Simon & Schuster. Parker, M., 2000. Organizational Culture and Identity. London: Sage. Robbins, S. and Judge, T., 2008. Essentials of Organizational Behavior. 9thEd, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Sapru, R.K., 2008. Administrative Theories and Management Thought. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, p 276 Tittemore, J. A., 2003. 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